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1.
Semina cienc. biol. saude ; 44(2): 113-126, jul./dez. 2023. Tab, Ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1513051

ABSTRACT

A síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) é caracterizada por sintomas de febre alta, tosse e dispneia, e, na maioria dos casos, relacionada a uma quantidade reduzida de agentes infecciosos. O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência dos vírus respiratórios Influenza A (FluA), vírus sincicial respiratório (RSV) e do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) em pacientes com internação hospitalar por SRAG. Estudo transversal, com pacientes em internação hospitalar com SRAG entre novembro de 2021 e maio de 2022. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos e amostras da nasofaringe foram coletados/as, as quais foram submetidas à extração de RNA e testadas quanto à positividade para Influenza A, RSV e SARS-CoV-2 por meio da técnica de PCR em tempo real pelo método SYBR Green. Foram incluídos 42 pacientes, sendo 59,5% do sexo feminino, 57,1% idosos, 54,8% com ensino fundamental. A maior parte dos pacientes reportou hábito tabagista prévio ou atual (54,8%), não etilista (73,8%) e 83,3% deles apresentavam alguma comorbidade, sendo hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 as mais prevalentes. Um total de 10,5% dos pacientes testou positivo para FluA, nenhuma amostra positiva para RSV e 76,3% positivos para SARS-CoV-2. Na população estudada, SRAG com agravo hospitalar foi observado em maior proporção, em mulheres, idosos e pessoas com comorbidades, embora sem significância estatística, sendo o novo coronavírus o agente etiológico mais relacionado, o que evidencia a patogenicidade desse agente e suas consequências ainda são evidentes após quase 2 anos de período pandêmico.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is characterized by symptoms of high fever, cough and dyspnea, and is in most cases related to a reduced amount of infectious agents. The objective was to assess the prevalence of respiratory viruses Influenza A (FluA), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in patients hospitalized for SARS. Cross-sectional study, with patients hospitalized with SARS between November 2021 and May 2022. Sociodemographic and clinical data and nasopharyngeal samples were collected, which were subjected to RNA extraction and tested for positivity for Influenza A, RSV and SARS-CoV-2 using the real-time PCR technique using the SYBR Green method. 42 patients were included, 59.5% female, 57.1% elderly, 54.8% with primary education. Most patients reported previous or current smoking habits (54.8%), non-drinkers (73.8) and 83.3% of them had some comorbidity, with systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus being the most prevalent. A total of 10.5% of patients tested positive for FluA, no samples positive for RSV, and 76.3% positive for SARS-CoV-2. In the studied population, SARS with hospital injury was observed more frequently in women and the elderly, with associated comorbidities, with the new coronavirus being the most related etiological agent, which shows, although not statistically significant, that the pathogenicity of this agent and its consequences are still evident after almost 2 years of period pandemic.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(2): 152-160, abr. 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388225

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La etiología de la enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es desconocida, planteándose que infecciones virales la gatillan en pacientes susceptibles. OBJETIVO: Estudiar la asociación temporal entre la circulación de virus respiratorios y hospitalizaciones por EK en la Región Metropolitana (RM), Chile, entre 2010-2017. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio ecológico retrospectivo de casos de EK en pacientes bajo 18 años de edad, en base a egresos hospitalarios. La circulación de virus se analizó mediante el reporte de la red de vigilancia metropolitana. Se utilizaron promedios móviles para EK (PMEK) y virus respiratorios (PMVR). RESULTADOS: Se registraron 14.902 casos de infecciones virales respiratorias entre 2010-2017. Se observó correlación directa entre PMVR-virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) de un mes y año y PMEK del mes subsiguiente (coeficiente de correlación (ρ) = +0,441; p < 0,001), y una asociación similar para PMVR-influenza A (FLU A) (ρ = +0,362; p < 0,001). PMVR-influenza B (FLU B) y PMVR-metapneumovirus (MPV) presentan correlaciones directas con PMEK (ρ = +0,443; p < 0,001 y ρ = +0,412; p < 0,001, respectivamente), siendo contemporáneo en mes y año con EK para FLU B, mientras que MPV presenta un desfase de un mes entre PMVR y PMEK. CONCLUSIÓN: Existe correlación temporal directa entre la circulación de VRS, FLU A, FLU B y MPV con EK en niños de la RM, Chile.


BACKGROUND: The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) is unknown. It is believed that viral infections could trigger the disease in susceptible patients. AIM: To study the temporal association between the circulation of respiratory viruses and KD hospitalizations in the Metropolitan Region (MR), Chile, between 2010-2017. METHODS: Ecologic study consisting of a review of KD cases in children under 18 years of age based on hospital discharges. The circulation of respiratory viruses was analyzed using the report of the metropolitan surveillance network. Moving averages for KD (MAKD) and respiratory viruses (MARV) were used. RESULTS: 14,902 cases of respiratory virus infections were recorded between 2010-2017. A direct correlation was found between MARV-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) of one month and year and MAKD of the subsequent month (correlation coefficient (ρ) = +0.441; p < 0.001). A similar association was found for MARV-influenza A (FLU A) (ρ = + 0.362; p < 0.001). MARV-influenza B (FLU B) and MARV-metapneumovirus (MPV) had direct correlations with MAKD (ρ = +0.443; p < 0.001 and ρ = +0.412; p < 0.001, respectively), being FLU B contemporary in month and year with KD, and MPV presenting a one-month lag. CONCLUSION: There is a direct temporal correlation between RSV, FLU A, FLU B and MPV circulation and KD in children from RM, Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Viruses , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/complications , Influenza, Human/complications , Hospitalization
3.
Med. interna (Caracas) ; 37(1): 13-20, 2021. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1253882

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades infecciosas que comprometen el aparato respiratorio, generalmente son más graves en las gestantes y en las puérperas en comparación con las no embarazadas. Dentro de estas infecciones, se encuentran las producidas por agentes virales como la influenza estacional, pandémica y zoonótica, los coronavirus SARS, el MERS; y desde el año 2019 el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la actual pandemia COVID-19. Las noxas virales pueden ejercer un efecto deletéreo sobre el feto debido a respuesta inflamatoria vía cascada de citoquinas o daño directo a nivel de algunos tejidos. Los efectos del SARS-CoV-2 a nivel placentario, no están bien entendidos, los hallazgos histopatológicos incluyen alteraciones de la perfusión venosa materna y fetal y signos de inflamación placentaria en diferentes porcentajes. La placenta es un órgano altamente especializado que confiere una protección especial generando un ambiente protegido manteniendo un equilibrio de factores inmunes y bioquímicos que favorecen el desarrollo fetal. Su estructura funciona como una barrera protectora dificultando o impidiendo el paso de noxas al producto de la gestación. Diversos patógenos, incluyendo los virus pueden alterar los diferentes componentes celulares de la placenta. En la siguiente revisión describimos los más recientes hallazgos de la interacción con la placenta de diversos virus respiratorios y sus consecuencias en la salud materno fetal(AU)


Infectious diseases of the respiratory system generally present greater severity in women during pregnancy or puerperium, than in non-pregnant women. Among them, we find those produced by viral agents such as seasonal, pandemic and zoonotic influenza, SARS coronaviruses, MERS; and since 2019 the SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Viral noxae can exert a deleterious effect on the fetus due to an inflammatory response via the cytokines cascade or direct damage at some tissues. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the placenta is not well understood, the histopathological findings include alterations of maternal and fetal perfusion and signs of placental inflammation in different degrees. The placenta is a highly specialized organ that confers a special protection by generating a protected environment maintaining a balance of immune and biochemical factors that favor the fetal development. Its structure works as a protective barrier, hindering or preventing the passage of noxae to the fetus. Several pathogens, including viruses, can alter different cellular components of the placenta. In the review, we describe the most recent findings of the interaction of various respiratory viruses with the placenta and their consequences on maternal and fetal health(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Puerperal Infection , Respiratory Tract Diseases/physiopathology , Communicable Diseases , Pregnant Women , Viruses , Influenza, Human , COVID-19 , Noxae
4.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 31: 31112, 2021.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1354570

ABSTRACT

Introdução: de destaque como agente etiológico em várias doenças respiratórias, os vírus, tem grande importância dentro da Pneumologia Pediátrica. Objetivo: estudar os vírus identificados de secreções respiratórias de pacientes pediátricos, hospitalizados na enfermaria e UTI pediátrica, durante o período de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2020. Metodologia: levantamento de resultados do RT-PCR (reação da transcriptase reversa seguida pela reação em cadeia da polimerase) de secreções respiratórias de pacientes pediátricos, através do GAL (Gerenciamento de Análises Laboratoriais) aplicando os filtros necessários para selecionar os pacientes da instituição e o período estipulado. Resultados: Foram realizadas 30 coletas em 2019 e 196 em 2020 de secreções respiratórias devido ao quadro de Síndrome Respiratória. As amostras coletadas em 2019 foram positivas para vírus em 56,7% dos casos investigados, sendo 6,7% para Influenza e 50% para Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR), enquanto que em 2020 as amostras foram positivas em 21,4% dos casos, sendo todos eles para SARS-CoV-2. O período do ano com maior número de coletas de secreção foi em maio e junho considerando o ano de 2019 (60% das coletas de 2019), e julho, agosto e dezembro considerando o ano de 2020 (42,8% das coletas de 2020), com uma positividade de 77,7% (2019) e 25% (2020) para os vírus solicitados para pesquisa. Conclusão: Pôde-se perceber uma importante mudança no perfil dos vírus identificados dos quadros respiratórios entre 2019 e 2020, comparáveis ao perfil apresentado pelos Boletins Epidemiológicos do Ministério da Saúde, principalmente no ano de 2020 com o surgimento do novo coronavírus e sua pandemia. A etiologia viral presente na grande maioria dos quadros respiratórios da pediatria, deve sempre ser valorizada e os testes de identificação viral são ferramentas de grande aplicabilidade na clínica.


Introduction: highlighted as an etiological agent in several respiratory diseases, viruses, has great importance in Pediatric Pulmonology. Objective: study the viruses identified from respiratory secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized in the pediatric ward and ICU, during the period from January 2019 to December 2020. Methodology: survey of results of the RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction) of respiratory secretions of pediatric patients, through the LAM (Laboratory Analysis Management) applying the necessary filters to select the patients of the institution and the stipulated period. Results: Thirty collections were performed in 2019 and 196 in 2020 for respiratory secretions due to the Respiratory Syndrome. The samples collected in 2019 were positive for viruses in 56.7% of the investigated cases, with 6.7% for Influenza and 50% for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), while in 2020 the samples were positive in 21.4% of the cases, all of which were for SARS-Cov-2. The period of the year with the highest number of secretion collections was in May and June considering 2019 (60% of 2019 collections), and July, August and December considering 2020 (42.8% of 2020 collections), with a positivity of 77.7% (2019) and 25% (2020) for viruses requested for research. Conclusion: It was possible to notice an important change in the profile of the viruses identified in respiratory conditions between 2019 and 2020, comparable to the profile presented by the Epidemiological Bulletins of the Ministry of Health, especially in the year 2020 with the emergence of the new coronavirus and its pandemic. The viral etiology present in the vast majority of pediatric respiratory conditions should always be valued and viral identification tests are tools of great applicability in the clinic.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Pediatrics , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses , Coronavirus , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype
5.
Bol. Hosp. Viña del Mar ; 77(3-4): 70-77, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1398491

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones respiratorias virales son patologías comunes y de las principales causantes de morbimortalidad; durante el año 2020 llegó a Chile la cepa de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. A nivel nacional, hay escasa evidencia del impacto que las estrategias para la prevención de transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido en la circulación de otros virus respiratorios. Objetivos: Dilucidar si ha existido un cambio epidemiológico en la incidencia y contagio de infecciones respiratorias virales no SARS-CoV-2 durante el desarrollo de la pandemia actual. Materiales y métodos: Se realizará un estudio ecológico descriptivo para determinar y comparar la incidencia de infecciones respiratorias de origen viral no SARS-CoV-2 (Influenza A, Influenza B, Metapneumovirus, VRS, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza) del año 2020 en relación con el período 2015-2019 en Chile. Se incluirán a todos los pacientes con confirmación de infección respiratoria viral no SARS-CoV-2, notificados durante las semanas 1 a 51 del año 2015 a 2020 en los informes de circulación viral del ISP. Resultados: En el año 2020 hubo 1035 casos de virus respiratorios no SARS- CoV-2 acumulados hasta la semana 51 con una positividad del 2,9%. En promedio el período 2015-2019 tuvo 15.054 casos anuales acumulados a la semana 51 con una positividad promedio anual de 31,8%. El peak del año 2020 ocurrió en la semana 13, mientras que en el periodo 2015-2019 entre las semanas 27-33. Conclusión: Durante el año 2020 se presentó una disminución mayor al 90% en la incidencia de todos los virus respiratorios no SARS-CoV-2 notificados por el ISP en comparación al mismo período 2015-2019 y quedó en evidencia, la ausencia de un patrón estacional para infecciones por virus respiratorios no SARS-CoV-2 durante el año 2020. La relación de causalidad entre este descenso con las medidas implementadas para la prevención de la diseminación de SARS- CoV-2 durante la actual pandemia permanecen inciertas.


Viral respiratory infections are common pathologies and are amongst the principal causes of morbidity and mortality; in 2020 the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 arrived in Chile. At national level, there is little evidence of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 prevention strategies in the circulation of other respiratory viruses. Objectives: To elucidate whether there has been an epidemiological change in the incidence and contagion of non SARS- CoV-2 viral respiratory infections during the development of the current pandemic. A descriptive ecological study was carried out to determine and compare the incidences of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections of viral origin (Influenza A, Influenza B, Metapneumovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza) in the year 2020 with the period 2015-2019 in Chile. All patients with confirmed non SARS-CoV-2 notified during weeks 1 to 51 of 2015 to 2020 in the Institute of Public Health reports of viral circulation will be included. Results: By week 51 of 2020 there was a total of 1,035 cases of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses with a positivity of 2.9%. On average, in the period 2015 ­ 2019 there was a total of 15,054 cases by week 51 with an annual mean positivity of 31.8%. In 2020 The peak occurred in week 13 in the year 2020 and from weeks 27 -33 in the period 2015-2019. Conclusion: During 2020 there was a decrease of over 90% in the incidence of non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses compared with the non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses notified by the Institute of Public Health in the same period from 2015 to 2019, and the absence of a seasonal pattern for non SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses during 2020 was evident. The causal relationship between this decline and the measures implemented to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic remains uncertain.

6.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 156(4): 263-269, Jul.-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249909

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Acute respiratory infections are the second cause of mortality in children younger than five years, with 150.7 million episodes per year. Human orthopneumovirus (hOPV) and metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the first and second causes of bronchiolitis; type 2 human orthorubulavirus (hORUV) has been associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Objective: To define hOPV, hMPV and hORUV geographical distribution and circulation patterns. Method: An observational, prospective cross-sectional pilot study was carried out. Two-hundred viral strains obtained from pediatric patients were genotyped by endpoint reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: One-hundred and eighty-six positive samples were typed: 84 hOPV, 43 hMPV, two hORUV and 57 co-infection specimens. Geographical distribution was plotted. hMPV, hOPV, and hORUV cumulative incidences were 0.215, 0.42, and 0.01, respectively. Cumulative incidence of hMPV-hORUV and hMPV-hOPV coinfection was 0.015 and 0.23; for hOPV-hMPV-hORUV, 0.035; and for hORUV-hOPV, 0.005. The largest number of positive cases of circulating or co-circulating viruses occurred between January and March. Conclusions: This study successfully identified circulation and geographical distribution patterns of the different viruses, as well as of viral co-infections.


Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyen la segunda causa de mortalidad en los niños menores de cinco años, con 150.7 millones de episodios anuales. Entre los principales agentes etiológicos están Orthopneumovirus (hOPV) y metapneumovirus (hMPV) humanos como primera y segunda causa de bronquiolitis, respectivamente; Orthorubulavirus humano tipo 2 (hORUV) se ha asociado a neumonía en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Objetivo: Definir patrones de distribución geográfica y de circulación de hOPV, hMPV y hORUV. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio piloto transversal prospectivo observacional. Se genotipificaron 200 aislamientos virales de pacientes pediátricos mediante transcripción inversa seguida de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en punto final (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se tipificaron 186 muestras positivas: 84 de hOPV, 43 de hMPV, dos de hORUV y 57 de coinfecciones. Se trazó la distribución geográfica. Las incidencias acumuladas de hMPV, hOPV y hORUV fueron de 0.215, 0.42 y 0.01, respectivamente. Las incidencias acumuladas de la coinfección de hMPV-hORUV y hMPV-hOPV fueron de 0.015 y 0.23; de hOPV-hMPV-hORUV, de 0.035; y de hORUV-hOPV, de 0.005. El mayor número de casos positivos de virus circulantes o cocirculantes se presentó entre enero y marzo. Conclusiones: Fue posible identificar patrones de circulación y distribución geográfica de los diferentes virus, así como de las coinfecciones virales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Pneumovirus Infections/epidemiology , Paramyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Pilot Projects , Incidence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Pneumovirus Infections/virology , Paramyxoviridae Infections/virology , Rubulavirus Infections/virology , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Genotype
7.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 156(3): 209-217, may.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249896

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: A partir del 23 de marzo de 2020, en México se declaró la suspensión de actividades no esenciales en todo el país para mitigar la diseminación de la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: Analizar los datos sobre los primeros 1510 casos de COVID-19 confirmados por laboratorio en México, describir la distribución geográfica de la enfermedad y su dinámica de transmisión. Método: Descripción de los primeros casos de COVID-19 con prueba positiva de RT-PCR en tiempo real, así como evaluación de las medidas epidemiológicas, incidencia acumulada, razón de contagios y tasas de mortalidad y letalidad durante el primer mes de la epidemia. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 43 años y 58 % fue del sexo masculino; 44 % de los casos iniciales fue importado. La letalidad en la población durante el primer mes pasó de 1.08 a 3.97 por 100 casos; sin embargo, la tendencia es lineal y similar a la observada en Europa. Conclusiones: En México se está aplicando el distanciamiento social, pero aún se requieren estudios sobre la dinámica de la epidemia, la transmisión de persona a persona, la incidencia de infecciones subclínicas y la supervivencia de los enfermos.


Abstract Introduction As of March 23, 2020, suspension of non-essential activities was declared in Mexico throughout the country in order to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To analyze data on the first 1510 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico, and to describe the geographical distribution of the disease and its transmission dynamics. Method: Description of the first COVID-19 cases with real-time RT-PCR-positive test, as well as evaluation of epidemiological measures, cumulative incidence, rate of transmission, and mortality and lethality rates during the 1st month of the epidemic. Results: Average age was 43 years, and 58% were males; 44% of initial cases were imported. Lethality in the population during the 1st month went from 1.08 to 3.97 per 100 cases; however, the trend is linear and similar to that observed in Europe. Conclusions: In Mexico, social distancing is being applied, but studies are still required on the dynamics of the epidemic, person-to-person transmission, incidence of subclinical infections, and patient survival.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Social Isolation , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Survival , Incidence , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Pandemics/prevention & control , COVID-19 , Mexico/epidemiology
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(1): 69-75, feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092724

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) causadas por virus son una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, afectando principalmente a niños y adultos mayores. Se asocian a un alto número de consultas y hospitalizaciones, a una significativa sobrecarga del sistema de salud y a un alto costo económico. La vigilancia de virus respiratorios tiene el potencial de ayudar a optimizar la respuesta sanitaria, garantizar la disponibilidad de recursos humanos, racionalizar los recursos y disminuir los costos asociados a la atención en salud. Con el objetivo de optimizar la recolección y visualización de los datos de nuestro actual sistema de vigilancia de virus respiratorios, se diseñó una plataforma basada en R y sus paquetes Shiny, que permite la creación de una interfase web interactiva y amigable para la recolección, análisis y publicación de los datos. Se ingresaron a esta plataforma los datos de la red de vigilancia metropolitana de virus respiratorios disponibles desde 2006. En esta plataforma, el investigador demora menos de un minuto en registrar los datos. El análisis y publicación es inmediato, llegando a cualquier usuario con un dispositivo conectado a Internet, quien puede elegir las variables a consultar. Con un costo muy bajo, en poco tiempo y utilizando el lenguaje de programación R, se logró crear un sistema simple e interactivo, disminuyendo el tiempo de carga y análisis de datos de forma considerable, posiblemente aumentando el impacto y la disponibilidad de esta vigilancia.


Abstract Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting mainly children and the elderly. They are associated with a high economic burden, increased number of medical visits and hospitalizations. The surveillance of the circulation of respiratory viruses can reduce the health care associated costs, and to optimize the health response. A platform based on R and its package Shiny was designed, to create an interactive and friendly web interface for gathering, analysis and publication of the data. The data from the Chilean metropolitan respiratory viruses surveillance network, available since 2006, was uploaded into the platform. Using this platform, the researcher spends less than 1 minute to upload the data, and the analysis and publication is immediate, available to be seen by any user with a device connected to Internet, who can choose the variables to be displayed. With a very low cost, in a short time, and using the R programming language, it was possible to create a simple, and interactive platform, considerably decreasing the upload and analysis time, and increasing the impact and availability of this surveillance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Aged , Respiratory Tract Infections/economics , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Software/economics , Software/standards , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Health Care Costs , Models, Theoretical , Viruses , Chile/epidemiology , Internet
9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(1): 26-31, feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003653

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: La temprana detección viral en infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) es esencial para establecer una terapia apropiada y prevenir el contagio intrahospitalario. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) con la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) para identificar virus respiratorios en niños hospitalizados por IRA. Métodos: Se incluyeron 47 aspirados nasofaríngeos de niños ≤ 2 años con IRA. La IFI incluyó virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS), adenovirus, influenza A y B y parainfluenza. La RPC incluyó, además, la detección de metapneumovirus, enterovirus/rinovirus, bocavirus y coronavirus. Se estimó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictor positivo y negativo (VPP/VPN) y correlación kappa para VRS mediante IFI en comparación a la RPC. Resultados: La IFI detectó únicamente VRS (29; 61,7%). La RPC detectó diversos virus, entre ellos VRS en 26 casos (55,3%), seguido por bocavirus (29,8%), enterovirus/ rinovirus (21,3%), adenovirus (14,9%) y parainfluenza (4,3%) entre otros, con 35,5% de co-infección. La IFI presentó sensibilidad: 85,7%, especificidad: 73,6%, VPP: 82,7%, VPN: 77,7% y kappa: 0,5990 (IC 95%; 0,36360,8346) para VRS. Conclusión: La IFI presenta buena sensibilidad, pero moderada especificidad para VRS. Sin embargo, falla en la detección de otros virus respiratorios. La introducción de RPC permitiría mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico de las IRA de origen viral.


Background: Early viral detection in acute respiratory infections (ARI) is essential to establish appropriate therapy and prevent nosocomial transmission. Objective: To compare the efficacy of indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIF) with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for ARI. Methods: 47 nasopharyngeal aspirates of children ≤ 2 years with ARI were included. IFI included respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza A and B and parainfluenza. PCR also included the detection of metapneumovirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, bocavirus and coronavirus. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (VPP/NPV) and kappa correlation for RSV were estimated by IIF compared to PCR. Results: The IIF detected only RSV (29; 61.7%). PCR detected several viruses, including RSV in 26 cases (55.3%), followed by bocavirus (29.8%), rhinovirus/enterovirus (21.3%), adenovirus (14.9%) and parainfluenza (4,3%) among others, with 35.5% of coinfection. The IIF presented sensitivity: 85.7%, specificity: 73.6%, PPV: 82.7%, NPV: 77.7% and kappa: 0.5990 (95% CI, 0.3636-0.8346) for RSV. Conclusion: The IIF presents good sensitivity, but moderate specificity for RSV. However, IIF fails to detect other respiratory viruses. The introduction of PCR would improve the etiological diagnosis of ARI of viral origin.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Viruses/isolation & purification , Nasopharynx/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/methods , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , DNA Viruses/isolation & purification
10.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 155(supl.1): 16-21, dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1286559

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en adultos mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Dentro de los agentes etiológicos responsables se encuentran los virus respiratorios humanos, tales como: virus sincitial respiratorio, virus parainfluenza y metapneumovirus. Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de diagnóstico diferencial de virus respiratorios que circulan y cocirculan en una población adulta. Método: Se realizó un estudio tipo piloto en pacientes mayores de 18 años, que presentaron signos y síntomas sugestivos de infección respiratoria aguda y cuyo cuadro clínico no sobrepasara los 15 días de evolución; se realizaron ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de punto final con el uso de oligonucleótidos específicos para el diagnóstico molecular. Resultados: Se tipificaron 72 especímenes de pacientes con una edad de 51.33 ± 19.33 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (4.5:1); originarios en su totalidad de la Ciudad de México; solo 22 fueron positivos para virus respiratorios, siendo en su mayoría infecciones por metapneumovirus. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de las cepas virales circulantes en la población permitirá determinar cambios que puedan declarar una alerta epidemiológica llevando a la mejor toma de decisiones en beneficio de los pacientes.


Abstract Introduction: Acute respiratory infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults and patients with chronic diseases. Among the responsible etiological agents are human respiratory viruses, such as: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus and metapneumovirus. Objective: To carry out a differential diagnostic study of respiratory viruses circulating and co-circulating in an adult population. Methods: A pilot study was conducted in patients older than 18 years, who presented signs and symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory infection and whose clinical picture did not exceed 15 days of evolution; end-point polymerase chain reaction assays were performed with the use of specific oligonucleotides for molecular diagnosis. Results: 72 specimens of patients with an age of 51.33 ± 19.33 years, with a predominance of females (4.5:1); original inhabitants of Mexico City; only 22 were positive for respiratory viruses, being mostly metapneumovirus infections. Conclusions: The knowledge of the circulating viral strains in the population will allow to determine changes that can declare an epidemiological alert leading to the best decision making for the benefit of the patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Pilot Projects , Acute Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
11.
West Indian med. j ; 67(4): 298-303, Oct.-Dec. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045864

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess viral and atypical bacterial agents using polymerase chain reaction in patients presenting with signs of acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) to Erzincan Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Turkey. Methods: Viral and atypical bacterial agents were explored in patients presenting with RTI between February 1 and June 1, 2017. Genomic isolation was performed using a SolMag®12 fully-automated nucleic acid isolation system and SolMag® Virus Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit. Amplifications were performed using a SmartCycler-II thermocycler (Cepheid) device in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Results: Of the 120 patients, 44 (36.6%) were found to have at least one agent. Polymerase chain reaction detected influenza viruses in 28 patients, respiratory syncytial virus in seven, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in six, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) in two, Chlamydophila pneumonia in two, Human Herpesvirus 6 in one, and Herpes simplex virus 2 in one. Also, coexistent HSV1 and CMV positivity was found in two cases. One patient had positivity in both influenza A and CMV. Among atypical bacterial agents, only two patients were found to have Chlamydophila pneumonia. There was at least one comorbid condition in 48 patients (40%). Of these subjects in whom an agent could be identified, 21 were found to have co-morbidity, while 23 were free of comorbid conditions. Antibiotherapy had been started in 109 (90.8%) of the patients after initial assessment. Sixty-four patients were admitted, and two patients died. Conclusion: Polymerase chain reaction allowed rapid detection of agents responsible for acute RTIs. We believe that this technique may contribute to appropriate use of antibiotics in patients diagnosed with atypical bacterial infection and may prevent unnecessary antibiotherapy in infections caused by viral agents.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los agentes bacterianos atípicos y los agentes virales utilizando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en pacientes que acuden con signos de infección aguda de las vías respiratorias (IVR) al Hospital de Docencia e Investigación Erzincan Mengucek Gazi, Turquía. Métodos: Se exploraron agentes bacterianos atípicos y agentes virales en pacientes que acudieron con IVR entre el 1 de febrero y 1 de junio de 2017. El aislamiento genómico se realizó con un sistema SolMag®12 de aislamiento de ácido nucleico totalmente automatizado y un Kit SolMag® de aislamiento de ácido nucleico viral. Las amplificaciones se realizaron utilizando un aparato termociclador SmartCycler-II (Cepheid) de acuerdo con las instrucciones proporcionadas por el fabricante. Resultados: De los 120 pacientes, se determinó que 44 (36.6%) tenían al menos un agente. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa detectó virus de la influenza en 28 pacientes, virus sincitial respiratorio en siete, citomegalovirus (CMV) en seis, herpes virus simplex 1 (HSV1) en dos, Chlamydophila pneumoniae en dos, herpes virus humano 6 en uno, y herpes virus simplex 2 en uno. Por otro lado, se halló positividad coexistente de HSV1 y CMV en dos casos. Un paciente tuvo positividad tanto para la influenza A como para CMV. Entre los agentes bacterianos atípicos, se halló sólo dos pacientes con Chlamydophila pneumonia. Hubo al menos una condición comórbida en 48 pacientes (40%). De estos sujetos en los que se podía identificar un agente, se halló que 21 tenían comorbilidad, mientras que 23 estaban libres de condiciones comórbidas. La antibioterapia había comenzado en 109 (90.8%) de los pacientes después de la evaluación inicial. Sesenta y cuatro pacientes fueron ingresados, y dos pacientes murieron. Conclusión: La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa permitió la rápida de detección de agentes responsables de IVR aguda. Creemos que esta técnica puede contribuir al uso apropiado de antibióticos en pacientes diagnosticados con infección bacteriana atípica normal y puede evitar antibioterapias innecesarias en infecciones causadas por los agentes virales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Acute Disease
12.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 22(6): 545-551, ago.-sept. 2017. graf.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1049255

ABSTRACT

Respiratory viral infections have been implicated in the origin and exacerbation of asthma symptoms in a variety of ways. A growing body of evidence indicates that viral infections are closely linked to infantile wheezing and suggest that severe bronchiolitis in early infancy may predispose to chronic childhood asthma. Alternatively, it could represent a marker of susceptible individuals. In contrast, mild repetitive infections in early years may provide a protective role against the development of asthma or atopy by switching the immune system towards Th1 responses. However, evidence on this hypothesis is not consistent as far as viruses are concerned. On the other hand, in the presence of asthma, the role of viral infections on exacerbations is well established. Several factors, such as the presence of atopy, timing of the exposure and severity of the infections, interactively contribute to the asthma-infection relationship. In the present report, recent data on the involvement of viral infections in the development and progression of asthma are reviewed


Las infecciones virales respiratorias han sido involucradas en el origen y en las exacerbaciones de los síntomas del asma en una variedad de formas. Cada vez hay más indicios de que las infecciones virales están estrechamente relacionadas con sibilancias en la niñez y sugieren que la bronquiolitis grave en la primera infancia puede predisponer a asma crónica infantil; por otra parte, podría representar un marcador de individuos susceptibles. Por el contrario, las infecciones leves repetidas en los primeros años brindarían un efecto protector contra la aparición de asma o atopia mediante la desviación del sistema inmunitario hacia respuestas Th1. Sin embargo, la información relacionada con esta hipótesis no es firme en lo que a virus se refiere. Por otra parte, en presencia de asma, el papel de las infecciones virales sobre las exacerbaciones está bien establecido. Varios factores, como la presencia de atopia, el momento en el que se produce la exposición y la gravedad de las infecciones, interactúan en la relación entre asma e infección. En este artículo se revisan datos acerca de la participación de las infecciones virales en la aparición y progresión del asma


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses , Asthma , Rhinovirus , Bronchiolitis , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
13.
Med. interna Méx ; 33(2): 159-167, mar.-abr. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-894248

ABSTRACT

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: 50% de las crisis asmáticas son desencadenadas por infecciones virales, su relación con parámetros clínicos no se ha descrito en los adultos. OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de crisis asmáticas de acuerdo con el espectro viral y su asociación con características clínicas y mecánica respiratoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio clínico, prospectivo y observacional en el que se incluyeron pacientes con crisis asmática grave del 1 de diciembre de 2010 al 31 de diciembre de 2011. Se excluyeron los pacientes con sospecha de infección bacteriana. Se aplicó cuestionario de síntomas, se determinó panel viral por hisopado nasal, espirometría y estudios de laboratorio. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de los participantes. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron en el estudio 100 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 39±14 años, IMC 27±4 kg/m2, escala de Borg 6.2±1.2, escala mMRC 2.6±0.6, tiempo de los síntomas 7±7 días, FEV1 de 42±14%, oximetría de pulso 88±3% y estancia de 4.5±1.7 días. El 47% de los pacientes tenía rinitis alérgica. Se aisló virus en 36% (rinovirus 15% y coronavirus 6%). Al comparar la causa viral vs no viral, se observó que los pacientes eran menores en el primer grupo (36±13 vs 43±17 años, p=0.014); no hubo diferencia entre grado de obstrucción y síntomas. A mayor severidad del asma hubo más aislamientos de virus. CONCLUSIÓN: las crisis asmáticas asociadas con virus respiratorios tienen comportamiento clínico similar al de las no asociadas. En los pacientes con menor edad y con comportamiento más grave se aíslan virus con más frecuencia.


Abstract BACKGROUND: 50% of asthma attacks are triggered by viral in fections; its relationship with clinical parameters has not been described in adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma attacks according to viral spectrum and its association with clinical features and respiratory mechanics. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical, prospective and observational study with patients with severe asthma attended from December 1st 2010 to December 31st 2011. We excluded patients with suspected bacterial infection. Symptom questionnaire was applied, it was determined by nasal swab viral panel, spirometry and laboratory studies. Informed consent was obtained. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included. Mean age was 39±14 years, BMI 27±4 kg/m2, Borg 6.2±1.2, mMRC 2.6±0.6, length of symptoms 7±7 days and FEV1 of 42±14%, pulse oximetry 88±3% and stay 4.5±1.7 days; 47% of patients had allergic rhinitis. Virus was isolated in 36% (15% rhinovirus and 6% coronavirus). Comparing the non-viral vs viral etiology, patients were younger (36±13 vs 43±17 years, p=0.014) there was no difference between the degree of obstruction and symptoms. A greater severity of asthma was related to more isolation. CONCLUSION: Asthma attacks associated with respiratory viruses have similar clinical behavior to not associated ones. In younger patients with more severe behavior virus are isolated more frequently.

14.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 47(1): 29-35, Mar. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757141

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas producen una importante morbimortalidad y comúnmente son causadas por virus. En Argentina, los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica se basan en la detección de antígenos virales por inmunofluorescencia (IF), aunque es bien conocido que los métodos moleculares son más sensibles. El panel respiratorio (PR) FilmArray (PR-FilmArray) es un equipo comercial automatizado de PCR múltiples que detecta 17 virus respiratorios y 3 bacterias, en un sistema cerrado que requiere 5 min de procesamiento y una 1 h de instrumentación. Se evaluó un total de 315 muestras respiratorias de niños menores de 6 años con infecciones respiratorias agudas por IF para 8 virus respiratorios y por RT-PCR para rinovirus. Posteriormente, estas muestras se estudiaron con el PR-FilmArray. La frecuencia de positividad al considerar los 9 virus estudiados por IF y RT-PCR fue del 75 %; por PR-FilmArray fue del 92 %. El porcentaje de acuerdo positivo entre ambas metodologías fue del 70,5 % y el de acuerdo negativo fue del 99,6 % (intervalo de confianza 95 %: 65,5-75,1 y 99,2-99,8, respectivamente). El PR-FilmArray permitió obtener un mayor diagnóstico positivo (97 %) y detectó otros virus, como los coronavirus NL63, 229E, OC43 y HKU1 (10 %) y los bocavirus (18 %). Además, permitió identificar coinfecciones múltiples (39 %) con 2, 3, 4 y hasta 5 virus. Actualmente, la IF continúa siendo el método más utilizado en los países latinoamericanos para el diagnóstico de virus respiratorios por su bajo costo, por su capacidad para procesar un alto número de muestras simultáneamente y porque los resultados de los virus más frecuentes están disponibles en 5 h. Sin embargo, la futura incorporación de métodos moleculares aumentaría notablemente la capacidad diagnóstica.


Acute respiratory infections, which are commonly caused by viruses, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. In Argentina, national surveillance programs for the detection of respiratory viruses are usually performed by using immunofluorescence (IF) assays, although it is well known that molecular methods are more sensitive. An automated multiplex PCR device, the FilmArray-Respiratory Panel (FilmArray-RP), can detect 17 viral and 3 bacterial pathogens in a closed system that requires only 5 min of hands-on time and 1 h of instrumentation time. A total of 315 respiratory samples from children under 6 years of age suffering from acute respiratory infections, were studied by IF for 8 respiratory viruses and by RT-PCR for rhinoviruses. Later, these samples were tested by the FilmArray-RP. The positivity frequency obtained for the 9 viruses tested was 75 % by IF/RT-PCR and 92 % by the FilmArray-RP. The positive and negative percent agreement between both methods was 70.5 % whereas the negative percent agreement was 99.6 % (95 % confidence interval:65.5-75.1 and 99.2-99.8 respectively). The FilmArray-RP allowed a higher positive diagnosis (97 %) and detected other viruses such as coronavirus NL63, 229E, OC43, HKU1 (10 %) and bocavirus (18 %). In addition, this method identified multiple coinfections (39 %) with 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 different viruses. At present, IF is still the most frequently used method in most Latin American countries for respiratory viruses diagnosis due to its low cost, its capability to process a high number of samples simultaneously and the fast determination of results for the most frequent viruses, which are available within 5 h. However, the coming incorporation of molecular methods in routine procedures will significantly increase the diagnostic yield of these infections.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies
15.
Kasmera ; 42(2): 141-155, dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-780170

ABSTRACT

El propósito de este estudio fue detectar anticuerpos contra virus respiratorios y bacterias atípicas en el suero de pacientes con infección respiratoria, en el Estado Zulia-Venezuela entre enero 2005 y diciembre 2010. Se analizaron 283 muestras de pacientes con sintomatología de infección respiratoria, clasificados en grupos etarios de 1-23 meses, 2-6, 7-14, 15-19, 20-40, 41-64 y 65 años de edad y más. La IgM sérica contra agentes virales (Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, Influenza A y B y Virus Sincicial Respiratorio) y bacterias atípicas (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serogrupo 1, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae) se determinaron por el método de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). Del total resultaron 113 pacientes seropositivos a los agentes estudiados, no se encontraron coinfecciones. El agente más frecuentemente encontrado fue el VSR (27/113) 23,89% (p<0,01), seguido de Legionella pneumophila serogrupo 1 (19/113) 16,81%, (p<0,001), Adenovirus (16/113) 14,16%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (15/113) 13,27%, Parainfluenza 1,2,3 (14/113) 12,40% e Influenza A y B (13/113) 11,5%, mientras que para Coxiella burnetii (6/113) se obtuvo 5,31% y para Chlamydophila pneumoniae (3/113) 2,65%. Los más afectados fueron los adultos jóvenes y medios. En conclusión los virus respiratorios causan gran parte de las infecciones en la población analizada, no obstante, es importante destacar la alta frecuencia de bacterias atípicas en la región.


The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of serum antibodies against respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria in patients with respiratory infections in the State of Zulia, Venezuela, between January 2005 and December 2010. Two-hundred eighty-three (283) serum samples from those patients were analyzed. Patients were classified according to age as: 1 to 23 months, 2 to 6 years, 7 to 14, 15 to 19, 20 to 40, 41 to 64 and 65 years old and over. Seric IgM against viral agents (Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, Influenza A and B and respiratory syncytial virus: RSV) and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serotype 1, Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila pneumoniae) were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Of the 283 samples, 113 were seropositive; no co-infections were found. The most frequently found agent was RSV (27/113; 23.89%; p<0.01), followed by Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 (19/113; 16.81%; p<0.001). Adenovirus (16/113; 14.16%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (15/113; 13.27%), Parainfluenza 1, 2 3 (14/113; 12.40%), Influenza A and B (13/113; 11.5%), Coxiella burnetii (6/113; 5.31%) and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (3/113; 2.65%) were less frequent. Young and middle-aged adults were the most affected. In conclusion, respiratory viruses cause a great part of the infections in the analyzed population; however, it is important to note the high frequency of atypical bacteria in the region.

16.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Hig ; 45(1): 41-50, jun. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: lil-772703

ABSTRACT

El Metapneumovirus Humano (MPVh) ha sido asociado con Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRA) en pacientes de todas las edades. Estudios epidemiológicos indican la prevalencia del MPVh alrededor del mundo, sin embargo, en Venezuela poco se conoce sobre su comportamiento en la población. Este estudio pretende describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la infección por MPVh en pacientes venezolanos. Se evaluaron por RT-PCR multiplex 1812 hisopados nasales (HN) provenientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de IRA e IRA grave (IRAG) con resultados negativos a virus Influenza, referidos al INHRR entre los años 2010 y 2013. De los Virus Respiratorios no Influenza (VRnI), el MPVh resultó ser el cuarto virus mas detectado con una frecuencia de 9,1%. El 42,02 % de los casos positivos a MPVh fueron niños ≤ 5 años con 29 casos (29/69). Los pacientes positivos a MPVh cursaron IRA alta con fiebre, tos, congestión nasal, disnea/tiraje/rinorrea, malestar general y estridor; e IRAG con hospitalización (58%), neumonía (36,2%), bronquitis aguda (10,1%), bronconeumonía (2,8%), rinofaringitis y laringotraqueobronquitis en el 1,4%. El análisis filogenético de los MPVh demostró la aparente relación de los genotipos A2 y B2 con IRAG. Este estudio permite demostrar la importancia de la detección de otros agentes virales respiratorios y su posible relación con el desarrollo de IRA/IRAG, así como fortalece la vigilancia epidemiológica de las enfermedades respiratoria en Venezuela.


Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been associated with acute respiratory infections (ARI) in patients of all ages. Epidemiological studies indicate hMPV prevalence around the world, but in Venezuela little is known about its behavior in the population. This study aims to describe the epidemiological behavior of hMPV infection in Venezuelan patients. Were evaluated by RT-PCR multiplex 1812 nasal swabs (HN) from patients diagnosed with ARF and severe ARI (SARI) Influenza virus with negative results, referring to INHRR between 2010 and 2013. Of the non Respiratory Influenza Virus ( VRNI), the fourth hMPV virus proved more detected at a frequency of 9.1%. The 42.02% of hMPV positive cases were children ≤ 5 years with 29 cases (29/69). HMPV positive patients were enrolled IRA with high fever, cough, nasal congestion, dyspnea/ printing / rhinorrhea, malaise and stridor; and SARI inpatient (58%), pneumonia (36.2%), acute bronchitis (10.1%), bronchopneumonia (2.8%), nasopharyngitis and croup at 1.4%. Phylogenetic analysis of the hMPV showed the apparent relationship of the A2 and B2 genotypes with SARI. This study can prove the importance of the detection of other respiratory viral agents and their possible relationship with the development of IRA / SARI and strengthens epidemiological surveillance of respiratory diseases in Venezuela.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Respiratory Tract Infections/pathology , Viruses , Catastrophic Illness/classification , Metapneumovirus/pathogenicity , Respiratory Tract Diseases/virology , Public Health
17.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 89(6): 549-553, nov.-dez. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-697128

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: avaliar a frequência das infecções por vírus respiratórios em lactentes hospitalizados com suspeita clínica de coqueluche e analisar suas características admissionais e evolutivas. MÉODOS: foi realizado um estudo de coorte histórica, em um serviço sentinela para coqueluche, no qual a pesquisa de vírus respiratórios também foi rotineira para os lactentes hospitalizados com problemas respiratórios. Foram incluídos todos os lactentes submetidos à notificação compulsória de suspeita de coqueluche. Foram realizadas pesquisas para Bordetela pertussis - BP (PCR/cultura) e vírus respiratórios - VR (imunofluorescência). Foram excluídos os pacientes que haviam recebido macrolídeos previamente à internação. Os dados clínicos foram obtidos dos prontuários. RESULTADOS: dentre os 67 pacientes analisados, a pesquisa para BP foi positiva em 44% e para VR em 26%. Não houve identificação etiológica em 35% e em 5% houve codetecção de VR e BP. Todos os pacientes apresentaram características demográficas semelhantes. A presença de tosse seguida de guincho inspiratório ou cianose foi um forte preditor de coqueluche, assim como, leucocitose e linfocitose evidentes. Coriza e dispneia foram mais frequentes nas infecções virais. Houve suspensão do uso de macrolídeos em 40% dos pacientes com pesquisa positiva para VR e negativa para BP. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados sugerem que lactentes hospitalizados com suspeita de coqueluche podem apresentar infecção viral e a pesquisa etiológica pode possibilitar a redução do uso de macrolídeos em alguns casos. No entanto, salienta-se que o diagnóstico etiológico de infecção por vírus respiratórios, por si só, não exclui a possibilidade de infecção por Bordetella pertussis.


OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the frequency of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized infants with clinical suspicion of pertussis, and to analyze their characteristics at hospital admission and clinical outcomes. METHODS: a historical cohort study was performed in a reference service for pertussis, in which the research of respiratory viruses was also a routine for infants hospitalized with respiratory problems. All infants reported as suspected cases of pertussis were included. Tests for Bordetella pertussis (BP) (polymerase chain reaction/culture) and for respiratory viruses (RVs) (immunofluorescence) were performed. Patients who received macrolides before hospitalization were excluded. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: among the 67 patients studied, BP tests were positive in 44%, and 26% were positive for RV. There was no etiological identification in 35%, and RV combined with BP was identified in 5%. All patients had similar demographic characteristics. Cough followed by inspiratory stridor or cyanosis was a strong predictor of pertussis, as well as prominent leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Rhinorrhea and dyspnea were more frequent in viral infections. Macrolides were discontinued in 40% of patients who tested positive for RV and negative for BP. CONCLUSION: the results suggest that viral infection can be present in hospitalized infants with clinical suspicion of pertussis, and etiological tests may enable a reduction in the use of macrolides in some cases. However, the etiological diagnosis of respiratory virus infection, by itself, does not exclude the possibility of infection with BP.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Bordetella pertussis/isolation & purification , Whooping Cough/epidemiology , Bordetella pertussis/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Hospitalization , Lymphocytosis/blood , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Respiratory Sounds/etiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Sentinel Surveillance , Statistics, Nonparametric , Treatment Outcome , Whooping Cough/diagnosis
18.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 32(2): 148-152, dic. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-698200

ABSTRACT

En este estudio se determinó la seroprevalencia de virus respiratorios y bacterias atípicas en una población del estado Zulia entre junio 2008 y junio 2010. Se incluyeron 224 individuos con causas diferentes de infecciones respiratorias. La determinación sérica de anticuerpos IgG anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serogrupo 1, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, adenovirus, influenza A y B, parainfluenza 1, 2 y 3, y virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR), se realizó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta. En el 100% de los pacientes analizados se detectaron anticuerpos a los virus respiratorios evaluados (p<0,05), mientras que en el 26,3% se demostró seropositividad a bacterias atípicas. Adenovirus registró el mayor porcentaje (79,4%), seguido de VSR (76,7%), (p<0,001) en relación a parainfluenza 1, 2 y 3 e influenza A y B (58,9%). Se observó mayor prevalencia (p<0,001) de IgG anti- Chlamydophila pneumoniae (27,6%) al compararlo con el resto de bacterias. El 33,9% (76/224) (p<0,001) de la población analizada presentó anticuerpos contra patógenos. Se demuestra circulación de virus respiratorios y bacterias atípicas en la población evaluada, siendo esto de gran utilidad para conocer la dinámica y epidemiología de las infecciones respiratorias y sienta la base para la implementación de un sistema de vigilancia activa en el estado Zulia.


In this study we determined the prevalence of respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria in a population group of Zulia State between June 2008 and June 2010. The group included 224 individuals with respiratory infections due to different causes. The serum determination of IgG anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, Costella burnetii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, adenovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, and sincicial respiratory virus (SRV), was done by indirect immunofluorescency. In 100% of the patients analyzed we detected antibodies against the respiratory viruses evaluated (p<0.05), while in 26.3% we demonstrated seropositivity against atypical bacteria. Adenoviruses presented the highest percentage (79.4%), followed by SRV (76.7%), (p<0.001) in relation to parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, and influenza A and B (58.9%). There was greater prevalence (p<0.001) of anti-Chlamydophila pneumonia IgG (27.6%) when comparing it with the rest of the bacteria. Of the population analyzed, 33.9% (76/224) (p<0.001) presented antibodies against the pathogens. This demonstrates the circulation of respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria in the population group evaluated, which is extremely useful for knowing the dynamics and epidemiology of respiratory infections and for setting the bases for implementation of an active surveillance system at Zulia State.

19.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(supl.1): 33-36, set. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-656324

ABSTRACT

Respiratory viruses have been identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing SOT and HSCT, specially in children. The most frequent are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (FLU), parainfluenza (PI) and adenovirus (ADV). These infections are associated with progression to severe lower respiratory tract infections in up to 60% of the cases. It is advised to apply universal protection recommendations for respiratory viruses (A2) and some specific measures for FLU and AD. FLU: Annual anti-influenza vaccination (from 4-6 months post-transplantation in SOT, 6 months in HSCT (A2)); post- exposure prophylaxis in FLU (oseltamivir for 10 days (B2)). In lung transplantion, the prophylaxis should last as long as the risk period (B2). ADV: There is no vaccine nor valid chemoprophylaxis strategy to prevent ADV disease. In some specific HSCT recipients, weekly PCR monitoring is recommended until day+100 (A3).


Los virus respiratorios se han identificado como causa de morbi-mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a TOS y TPH, particularmente en pediatría. Los más frecuentes son virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS), influenza (FLU), parainfluenza (PI) y adenovirus (ADV). La fuente de contagio está en la comunidad y en el hospital afectando al paciente en cualquier período post-trasplante. Se describe progresión a infecciones graves del tracto respiratorio bajo hasta en 60 % de los casos. Se recomienda aplicar medidas de aislamiento de precaución universal para todos los virus respiratorios (A2) y se describen algunas medidas específicas para FLU y AlDV. Vacunación anti-influenza anual con vacuna inactivada (en TOS a partir de 4-6 meses post-trasplante (A2), en TPH a partir de 6 meses (A2)); profilaxis post exposición a virus FLU (oseltamivir durante 10 días (B2)). En trasplante de pulmón, la duración de la profilaxis se extenderá mientras dure el período de riesgo (B2). Con respecto a ADV, no se dispone de una vacuna adecuada y no existe a la fecha una estrategia validada de quimioprofilaxis para prevenir enfermedad por ADV; en casos específicos de TPH pediátrico, se recomienda vigilancia semanal con RPC en sangre periférica hasta el día +100 post-TPH (A3).


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , Antiviral Agents , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Organ Transplantation , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Stem Cell Transplantation , Adenoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Administration Schedule , Incidence , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Oseltamivir/administration & dosage , Oseltamivir/therapeutic use , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Paramyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology
20.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 72(1): 28-32, feb. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-639648

ABSTRACT

Los métodos moleculares para diagnosticar rinovirus humanos (RVH) han aumentado la sensibilidad de detección. Esto ha permitido documentar la asociación entre los RVH y las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) altas y bajas. La infección por RVH durante la infancia se asoció con posterior desarrollo de asma. Se estudió la frecuencia de RVH en 186 niños menores de 6 años ambulatorios con IRA (alta o baja), durante 2 años consecutivos (1/6/2008 - 31/5/2010). Se correlacionó la presencia de RVH con los antecedentes y características clínico-epidemiológicas. La detección de RVH se realizó con una RT-PCR en tiempo real que amplifica parte de la región 5' no codificante del genoma. Los virus respiratorios clásicos se estudiaron por inmunofluorescencia. En el 61% de los niños se detectó etiología viral. Las frecuencias fueron: RVH 27%, virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR) 16%, influenza A y B 9%, parainfluenza 8%, metapneumovirus 7% y adenovirus 0.5%. Se observaron coinfecciones duales en 8 casos, siendo RVH el más frecuente (en 4 de ellos). Los RVH circularon durante todo el período estudiado, con picos en invierno y primavera. No se observaron diferencias clínico-epidemiológicas significativas entre pacientes con o sin RVH, excepto un mayor porcentaje de niños afebriles con RVH. Los RVH fueron los virus más detectados en niños ambulatorios, principalmente en menores de 2 años, los segundos virus asociados a bronquiolitis, luego del VSR, y detectados tres veces más en los niños expuestos a tabaquismo pasivo (OR: 2,91; p = 0.012) que en el resto. Fueron identificados como único agente en el 28% de las bronquiolitis.


Molecular methods for human rhinoviruses (HRV) have increased the sensitivity in their diagnosis. HRV may cause acute respiratory infections (ARI) of the upper and lower respiratory tract. HRV infection during childhood is a predictor of asthma development. In this study, the HRV frequency in outpatient children with ARI was determined, and their clinical features and previous conditions were evaluated. A total of 186 respiratory samples of children under 6 year old attending the CEMIC pediatric emergency room from June 1, 2008 to May 31, 2010, were studied. Classical respiratory viruses were detected by immunofluorescence. A real time RT-PCR that amplifies part of the 5' non coding genomic region was used for HRV detection. Viral detection was obtained in 61% of children. The frequency was: 27% for HRV, 16% for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 9% for influenza, 8% for parainfluenza, 7% for metapneumovirus and 0.5% for adenovirus. Dual coinfection was detected in 8 children and HRV were the most frequent, detected in 4 of them. HRV circulated during the two year period of the study, with peaks during winter and spring. No clinical difference was observed between patients with or without HRV, except an increase percent of children with HRV without fever. HRV were the most frequent viruses detected in this population, mainly in children under 2 year old, the second cause of bronchiolitis after RSV and more frequently detected in children exposed to passive smoking (OR = 2.91; p = 0.012), and were detected as the sole etiologic agent in 28% of bronchiolitis.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Rhinovirus/isolation & purification , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Argentina/epidemiology , Bronchiolitis/diagnosis , Bronchiolitis/virology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Pharyngitis/diagnosis , Pharyngitis/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Rhinitis/diagnosis , Rhinitis/virology , Seasons , Sex Distribution
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